# Major volcano eruption in 2026?

In 2026

Updated: September 1, 2026

Category: Climate and Weather

Tags: Natural disasters

HTML: /markets/climate-and-weather/natural-disasters/major-volcano-eruption-in-2026/

## Short Answer

**Key takeaway.** The **market** considers at least two major volcano eruptions likely in 2026 (**59.0%**), citing recent significant activity such as the Mount Sinabung eruption; however, the **model** suggests a lower **probability** (**36.2%**), noting that current eruptions are not explicitly confirmed as VEI4 events.

## Key Claims (September 2026)

**- - Recent significant eruptions, including Guatemala's Volcán de Fuego, boost overall likelihood by year-end.** - Three or more VEI4 events are less certain due to a lack of confirmed prior VEI4 activity.

## Market Behavior & Drivers

Mount Sinabung's August 31, 2026 eruption and other recent volcanic activity spurred a 55.0pp **market** price spike.

The implied probability of a major volcanic eruption in 2026 decreased from 24% to 22% on September 1. This move reflects the passage of time; with eight months of the year completed, no eruption meeting the market's Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 6 or greater threshold has been reported. The 16 contracts traded on that day, the highest single-day volume for this market, indicate conviction behind the repricing as the window for a qualifying event narrows.

The market has otherwise been stable, trading within a tight 2% range. Reports of regional volcanic activity, such as eruptions at Italy's Mount Etna and Guatemala's Volcán de Fuego in August, have not moved the price. This is because those events did not approach the VEI 6 magnitude required for the contract to resolve to YES. The market's low and steady probability suggests traders have consistently viewed a major eruption as a low-likelihood tail risk, with the primary driver of price action being time decay.

### Who Wins and Why

| Outcome | Market | Model | Why |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| At least 3 | 22.0% | 14.4% | The lack of confirmed VEI4 events makes achieving three or more major eruptions less certain. |
| At least 1 | 35.0% | 52.2% | Recent significant volcanic activity, including Mount Sinabung, increases the overall likelihood of volcanic events. |
| At least 2 | 59.0% | 36.2% | Recent eruptions are not explicitly confirmed as VEI4, making multiple such events less supported by current activity. |

## Model vs Market

| Outcome | Market Probability | Octagon Model Probability |
| --- | --- | --- |
| At least 3 | 22.0% | 14.4% |
| At least 1 | 35.0% | 52.2% |
| At least 2 | 59.0% | 36.2% |

- Expiration: June 29, 2027

## Significant Price Movements

#### 📈 September 01, 2026: 55.0pp spike

Price increased from 4.0% to 59.0%

**Outcome:** At least 2

**What happened:** The primary driver of the 55.0 percentage point price spike was the significant eruption of Mount Sinabung in Indonesia, which occurred on August 31, 2026, sending an ash column 3,500 meters high [[^]](https://www.newsweek.com/us-embassy-issues-indonesia-natural-disaster-alert-over-volcanic-eruption-12389585). This event was immediately followed by the U.S. Embassy and local authorities issuing natural disaster alerts on September 1, 2026, coinciding precisely with the market's outcome date and the price movement [[^]](https://www.newsweek.com/us-embassy-issues-indonesia-natural-disaster-alert-over-volcanic-eruption-12389585). This provided strong evidence for at least one "major" eruption, driving up the likelihood for the "at least 2" outcome. No social media activity was identified as influencing this price movement in the provided research, making it irrelevant.

#### 📉 August 31, 2026: 64.0pp drop

Price decreased from 68.0% to 4.0%

**Outcome:** At least 2

**What happened:** The primary driver of the 64.0 percentage point price drop was the non-materialization of widespread social media hoaxes concerning "massive volcanic eruptions" and "exaggerated ash plume heights" that circulated throughout August 2026 [[^]](https://distantnews.com/article/fact-check-did-mount-ibu-s-eruption-trigger-the-ntt-earthqua-cqcymyg4)[[^]](https://www.pusatliputan.com/fact-check-did-mount-ibu-s-eruption-trigger-the-ntt-earthquake-61285.html)[[^]](http://www.gelegarberita.com/hoaks-gunung-lewotobi-melejit-10-km-polres-flores-timur-imbau-warga-bijak-bermedia-sosial). These viral narratives likely inflated the market's expectation of "at least 2" major eruptions. By August 31, 2026, with only one significant event—the Mount Sinabung eruption—occurring on that day [[^]](https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/indonesias-mount-sinabung-erupts-spewing-ash-3-500-meters-into-sky/4042457)[[^]](https://en.antaranews.com/news/429175/mount-sinabung-raised-to-alert-level-after-3500-meter-ash-eruption)[[^]](https://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2026/09/01/mt-sinabung-erupts-after-five-years-status-raised-to-alert)[[^]](https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/9341097/indonesian-volcano-erupts-ash-sent-3500m-into-the-air/)[[^]](https://www.usnews.com/news/news/articles/2026-08-31/eruption-of-sinabung-volcano-on-indonesias-sumatra-island-prompts-higher-alert), the market corrected sharply downwards as the exaggerated claims did not materialize by the outcome date. Social media was a primary driver, initially creating an unsustainable upward pressure based on misinformation that subsequently collapsed.

#### 📉 August 25, 2026: 8.0pp drop

Price decreased from 14.0% to 6.0%

**Outcome:** At least 2

**What happened:** On August 25, 2026, a prediction market for "Major volcano eruption in 2026?" with the outcome "At least 2" experienced an 8.0 percentage point drop; however, the provided research does not indicate any social media activity that served as a primary driver or contributing accelerant for this movement. While several volcanic eruptions were active around this time, including Kilauea on August 25, Volcán de Fuego from August 3–6, and ongoing activity at Mount Sinabung and Lewotobi Laki-laki, these events would logically increase, not decrease, the probability of "at least 2" major eruptions [[^]](https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/southeast-asia/indonesia-mount-sinabung-ash-volcano-eruption-b3042030.html)[[^]](https://www.techtimes.com/articles/325619/20260826/kilauea-erupts-first-time-since-hurricane-lala-battered-hawaii-volcanoes.htm)[[^]](https://volcanodb.com/fuego-volcano)[[^]](https://www.techtimes.com/articles/325893/20260828/lewotobi-laki-laki-fires-ninth-eruption-seven-days-lahar-risk-outlasts-ash.htm)[[^]](https://www.weather.gov/aawu/VolcanicAshAdvisory). No specific traditional news announcement or market structure factor explaining a price drop on this particular market could be identified from the given information. Thus, social media activity was irrelevant, and the primary driver of this market shift remains unidentifiable based on the provided data.

#### 📉 August 22, 2026: 53.0pp drop

Price decreased from 70.0% to 17.0%

**Outcome:** At least 2

**What happened:** The primary driver of the 53.0 percentage point drop in the "Major volcano eruption in 2026?" prediction market on August 22, 2026, was the continued absence of any reported "major" global climate-altering volcanic eruptions by that date [[^]](https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/krakatau/news/328460/vaac-advisory-2026-125.html)[[^]](https://www.euronews.com/2026/08/22/its-a-nightmare-what-life-is-like-under-mount-etnas-cloud-of-ash)[[^]](https://weatherboy.com/hawaii-bracing-for-new-tropical-storm-volcanic-eruption/)[[^]](https://www.travelerstoday.com/articles/60890/20260822/hawaii-volcanoes-national-park-shuts-down-storm-kilauea-eruption-window-collide.htm)[[^]](https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/fuego/news/328575/vaac-advisory-2026-985.html)[[^]](https://ocean.weather.gov/volcano/)[[^]](https://www.ecmwf.int/en/newsletter/171/news/monitoring-atmospheric-impacts-hunga-tonga-eruption)[[^]](https://events.ecmwf.int/event/488/contributions/5634/attachments/3669/6201/ECMWF-ESA-WS_Amato.pdf). While volcanoes like Kilauea, Krakatau, Etna, and Fuego showed localized activity, these were characterized as typical and not climate-forcing events [[^]](https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/krakatau/news/328460/vaac-advisory-2026-125.html)[[^]](https://www.euronews.com/2026/08/22/its-a-nightmare-what-life-is-like-under-mount-etnas-cloud-of-ash)[[^]](https://weatherboy.com/hawaii-bracing-for-new-tropical-storm-volcanic-eruption/)[[^]](https://www.travelerstoday.com/articles/60890/20260822/hawaii-volcanoes-national-park-shuts-down-storm-kilauea-eruption-window-collide.htm)[[^]](https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/fuego/news/328575/vaac-advisory-2026-985.html). Scientific discussions in August 2026 primarily focused on the legacy effects of the 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption, not new significant 2026 events [[^]](https://preview-www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02181-9)[[^]](https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/26/197/2026/acp-26-197-2026.html)[[^]](https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/26/11355/2026/)[[^]](https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-3769/)[[^]](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/in-2022-the-hunga-tonga-eruption-sent-huge-amounts-of-water-vapour-into-the-stratosphere-causing-changes-in-ozone-levels-and-radiation-effects/articleshow/133503669.cms). Based on the provided information, social media was irrelevant to this price movement.

## Contract Snapshot

This market resolves based on the number of "major volcano eruptions" occurring this year. A YES resolution for a specific eruption count (e.g., 'At least 1') occurs if that count or more is met, while a NO resolution occurs if fewer eruptions happen. The maximum payout date for this market is June 29, 2027; however, the precise definition of a "major volcano eruption" is not specified in the provided content.

## Market Discussion

As of September 1, 2026, prediction markets consistently assign a very low probability (typically 6% to 10%) to a major volcanic eruption (VEI ≥6) occurring within the 2026 calendar year [[^]](https://polymarket.com/event/major-volcano-eruption-vei-6-in-2026)[[^]](https://prescient.markets/markets/major-volcano-eruption-vei-6-in-2026)[[^]](https://predictparity.com/markets/p/major-volcano-eruption-vei-6-in-2026)[[^]](https://explorer.struct.to/markets/major-volcano-eruption-vei-6-in-2026). While several volcanoes, including Mount Etna, Mount Mayon, and Mount Sinabung, have been active in 2026, none have reached VEI 6 status, and there are no reports of a singular, globally catastrophic "major volcanic eruption" in 2026 [[^]](https://www.dlr.de/en/eoc/latest/news/2026/etna-volcano-eruption-leaves-thousands-of-tourists-stranded)[[^]](https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/1000676/increase-volcanic-sulfur-dioxide-emission-observed-from-mayon-volcano-crater-phivolcs/story/)[[^]](https://phys.org/news/2026-09-eruption-sinabung-volcano-indonesia-sumatra.html)[[^]](https://www.weather.gov/aawu/VolcanicAshAdvisory).

## Market Data

| Contract | Yes Bid | Yes Ask | Last Price | Volume | Open Interest |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| At least 1 | 52% | 71% | 35% | $3,520.22 | $436.15 |
| At least 2 | 7% | 57% | 59% | $2,609.58 | $922.28 |
| At least 3 | 0% | 22% | 22% | $6,801.28 | $2,340.25 |

## Beyond a single large event, what sequence of smaller, clustered VEI 4-5 eruptions along the Kamchatka Peninsula or the Andes could collectively meet the threshold for a 'major' climate impact by the end of 2026?

Major Climate Impact Threshold | VEI ≥ 5, often >5 teragrams (Tg) of SO2 stratospheric injection [[^]](https://eos.org/science-updates/anticipating-climate-impacts-of-major-volcanic-eruptions)[[^]](https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/11/3/109)[[^]](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02208-1)[[^]](https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-investigating-how-volcanic-eruptions-can-affect-climate-projections) |
Required Cooling Impact | Detectable, multi-year global cooling of ~0.5°C or more [[^]](https://eos.org/science-updates/anticipating-climate-impacts-of-major-volcanic-eruptions)[[^]](https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/11/3/109)[[^]](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02208-1)[[^]](https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-investigating-how-volcanic-eruptions-can-affect-climate-projections) |
Current Status by End of 2026 | No evidence of clustered VEI 4-5 events in Kamchatka and the Andes reaching sufficient magnitude [[^]](https://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?format=txt&glossary=1&issuedby=AK1&product=VAA&site=CRH&version=1)[[^]](https://www.weather.gov/aawu/VolcanicAshAdvisory) |

**A series of smaller, clustered VEI 4-5 eruptions could cause significant climate impact**

A series of smaller, clustered VEI 4-5 eruptions could cause significant climate impact. Such eruptions, particularly along the Kamchatka Peninsula or the Andes, could collectively lead to significant climate impact through substantial, sustained stratospheric aerosol loading [[^]](https://events.ecmwf.int/event/488/contributions/5634/attachments/3669/6201/ECMWF-ESA-WS_Amato.pdf)[[^]](https://www.ecmwf.int/sites/default/files/elibrary/2018/18223-aerosols-cloud-radiation-interactions.pdf). Clustered or smaller magnitude eruptions, especially at high latitudes like Kamchatka (>50°N), can inject aerosols directly into the stratospheric overworld, allowing them to persist longer in the hemisphere of origin and cause focused regional to hemispheric cooling [[^]](https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/psi/dload/psi%3A25975/PDF2/Toohey-2019-Disproportionately_strong_climate_forcing_from-(accepted_version).pdf)[[^]](https://www.volcanocafe.org/a-rain-gift-to-spain-from-shiveluch-shishaldin-and-kliuchevskoy-in-2023/comment-page-1/)[[^]](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-022-01559-3). Repeated or clustered eruptions can also contribute to sustained climate effects through ocean and sea-ice feedbacks [[^]](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-022-01559-3)[[^]](https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-investigating-how-volcanic-eruptions-can-affect-climate-projections). The overall impact depends on the combined mass and injection altitude of the volcanic aerosols [[^]](https://events.ecmwf.int/event/488/contributions/5634/attachments/3669/6201/ECMWF-ESA-WS_Amato.pdf)[[^]](https://www.ecmwf.int/sites/default/files/elibrary/2018/18223-aerosols-cloud-radiation-interactions.pdf).

A 'major' climate impact requires specific volcanic eruption thresholds to be met. Typically, a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 5 or greater is needed, often involving the stratospheric injection of more than 5 teragrams (Tg) of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to achieve a detectable, multi-year global cooling of approximately 0.5°C or more [[^]](https://eos.org/science-updates/anticipating-climate-impacts-of-major-volcanic-eruptions)[[^]](https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/11/3/109)[[^]](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02208-1)[[^]](https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-investigating-how-volcanic-eruptions-can-affect-climate-projections). Individual moderate events (VEI [[^]](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-022-01559-3)[[^]](https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-investigating-how-volcanic-eruptions-can-affect-climate-projections)[[^]](https://events.ecmwf.int/event/488/contributions/5634/attachments/3669/6201/ECMWF-ESA-WS_Amato.pdf)[[^]](https://www.ecmwf.int/sites/default/files/elibrary/2018/18223-aerosols-cloud-radiation-interactions.pdf).

Official reports do not indicate a major climate shift by 2026. As of late August 2026, official Volcanic Ash Advisories do not indicate a clustered sequence of VEI 4-5 events in Kamchatka and the Andes has reached a magnitude sufficient to cause a major global climate shift by the end of 2026 [[^]](https://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?format=txt&glossary=1&issuedby=AK1&product=VAA&site=CRH&version=1)[[^]](https://www.weather.gov/aawu/VolcanicAshAdvisory).

## How have recent studies following the 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption revised the scientific understanding of what constitutes a climate-altering 'major eruption,' particularly regarding stratospheric water vapor versus sulfur dioxide?

Water vapor injected by Hunga Tonga | 150 Tg [[^]](https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/hunga-volcano-eruption-cooled-southern-hemisphere)[[^]](https://artsci.tamu.edu/news/2024/07/new-study-disputes-hunga-tonga-volcanos-role-in-2023-24-global-warm-up.html) |
Global stratospheric water vapor increase | 10% [[^]](https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/hunga-volcano-eruption-cooled-southern-hemisphere)[[^]](https://artsci.tamu.edu/news/2024/07/new-study-disputes-hunga-tonga-volcanos-role-in-2023-24-global-warm-up.html) |
Hunga Tonga net cooling effect | 0.1 C in Southern Hemisphere [[^]](https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/hunga-volcano-eruption-cooled-southern-hemisphere)[[^]](https://artsci.tamu.edu/news/2024/07/new-study-disputes-hunga-tonga-volcanos-role-in-2023-24-global-warm-up.html) |

**The 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption significantly revised the scientific understanding of climate-altering "major eruptions," challenging the traditional paradigm that these events are primarily driven by sulfur dioxide (SO2) [[^]](https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/hunga-volcano-eruption-cooled-southern-hemisphere)[[^]](https://www.ecmwf.int/en/newsletter/171/news/monitoring-atmospheric-impacts-hunga-tonga-eruption)[[^]](https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2022/hunga-tonga-eruption-seen-ecmwf)[[^]](https://www.weather.gov/itic-car/15jan2022_hunga-tonga-hunga-haapai_volcanic_eruption)**

The 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption significantly revised the scientific understanding of climate-altering "major eruptions," challenging the traditional paradigm that these events are primarily driven by sulfur dioxide (SO2) [[^]](https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/hunga-volcano-eruption-cooled-southern-hemisphere)[[^]](https://www.ecmwf.int/en/newsletter/171/news/monitoring-atmospheric-impacts-hunga-tonga-eruption)[[^]](https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2022/hunga-tonga-eruption-seen-ecmwf)[[^]](https://www.weather.gov/itic-car/15jan2022_hunga-tonga-hunga-haapai_volcanic_eruption). The eruption notably injected an exceptionally high amount of water vapor into the stratosphere, emphasizing the need for more nuanced definitions in climate forcing models to recognize the significant climate effects of water vapor as a potent greenhouse gas [[^]](https://www.ecmwf.int/en/newsletter/171/news/monitoring-atmospheric-impacts-hunga-tonga-eruption)[[^]](https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2022/hunga-tonga-eruption-seen-ecmwf)[[^]](https://www.weather.gov/itic-car/15jan2022_hunga-tonga-hunga-haapai_volcanic_eruption)[[^]](https://events.ecmwf.int/event/488/contributions/5634/attachments/3669/6201/ECMWF-ESA-WS_Amato.pdf).

Hunga Tonga caused a net cooling despite its massive water vapor injection. Despite injecting approximately 150 Tg of water vapor into the stratosphere, which increased global levels by about **10%**, the eruption actually caused a slight net cooling effect of approximately 0.1 C in the Southern Hemisphere because aerosol-induced cooling outweighed the water vapor's greenhouse warming potential [[^]](https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/hunga-volcano-eruption-cooled-southern-hemisphere)[[^]](https://artsci.tamu.edu/news/2024/07/new-study-disputes-hunga-tonga-volcanos-role-in-2023-24-global-warm-up.html). Scientific understanding now recognizes that underwater volcanic eruptions can uniquely inject massive amounts of water vapor directly into the stratosphere, interacting with atmospheric dynamics such as slowing the Brewer-Dobson circulation and enhancing ozone loss in ways distinct from traditional subaerial eruptions like Pinatubo [[^]](https://csl.noaa.gov/news/topics/hthh.html)[[^]](https://wmo.int/media/news/new-report-unveils-global-atmospheric-impacts-of-2022-hunga-volcano-eruption).

Modeling efforts prioritize understanding past eruptions for future impact prediction. Current scientific modeling efforts are not focused on predicting a "major" volcanic eruption in 2026. Instead, they concentrate on retrospectively understanding events like Pinatubo and Hunga Tonga to improve the detection and climate impact prediction of future abrupt stratospheric injections [[^]](https://events.ecmwf.int/event/488/contributions/5634/attachments/3669/6201/ECMWF-ESA-WS_Amato.pdf).

## How do the current alert levels and monitoring data from U.S. 'very high threat' volcanoes like Kilauea compare to those in Indonesia's 'Ring of Fire,' such as Mount Sinabung, for the remainder of 2026?

Kīlauea Alert Level | ADVISORY (September 1, 2026 [[^]](https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/volcano-updates)[[^]](https://www.usgs.gov/programs/VHP/volcano-updates)) |
Kīlauea Aviation Color Code | YELLOW (September 1, 2026 [[^]](https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/volcano-updates)[[^]](https://www.usgs.gov/programs/VHP/volcano-updates)) |
Mount Sinabung Status | Level III (Siaga/Alert) (August 31, 2026 [[^]](https://en.antaranews.com/amp/news/429184/geological-agency-warns-of-potential-larger-sinabung-eruption)[[^]](https://asianews.network/indonesias-mt-sinabung-erupts-after-five-years-status-raised-to-alert/)[[^]](https://lechaudrondevulcain.com/september-1-2026-en-indonesia-sinabung-colombia-cumbal-peru-sabancaya-guatemala-santiaguito-alaska-katmai/)) |

**Volcanic activity varies significantly between Kīlauea and Mount Sinabung as of late 2026**

Volcanic activity varies significantly between Kīlauea and Mount Sinabung as of late 2026. As of September 1, 2026, Kīlauea in the U.S. is at an 'ADVISORY' Alert Level with a 'YELLOW' Aviation Color Code, following the conclusion of its most recent eruptive episode (Episode 54) on August 25, 2026 [[^]](https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/volcano-updates)[[^]](https://www.usgs.gov/programs/VHP/volcano-updates). This episode in late August involved lava fountaining and associated ashfall alerts [[^]](https://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?format=txt&issuedby=HFO&product=SPS&site=HFO). U.S. volcanoes are subject to standardized monitoring and alert protocols, including the Volcanic Alert Level system and Volcanic Ash Advisories, managed by the USGS and National Weather Service to ensure situational awareness and aviation safety [[^]](https://www.weather.gov/media/slc/IWAWS/Major_IWAWS.pdf). In contrast, Indonesia's Mount Sinabung saw its status elevated to Level III (Siaga/Alert) on August 31, 2026, after a significant eruption produced a 3,500-meter ash column [[^]](https://en.antaranews.com/amp/news/429184/geological-agency-warns-of-potential-larger-sinabung-eruption)[[^]](https://asianews.network/indonesias-mt-sinabung-erupts-after-five-years-status-raised-to-alert/)[[^]](https://lechaudrondevulcain.com/september-1-2026-en-indonesia-sinabung-colombia-cumbal-peru-sabancaya-guatemala-santiaguito-alaska-katmai/).

Agencies monitor volcanoes robustly, but specific major eruption **probability** is not public. While U.S. agencies maintain robust monitoring capabilities, expert sources do not provide aggregated prediction **market** data to support a specific **probability** estimate for a 'major' volcanic eruption in 2026 [[^]](https://www.weather.gov/media/nthmp/Meetings/NTHMP%20Annual%20Meeting%**202026%**20Summary.pdf). However, prediction markets for 2026 do differentiate 'major' eruptions by Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). As of late August 2026, VEI-4 events are commonly tracked in the high **80%** **probability** range, whereas VEI-6+ events remain low-**probability** bets [[^]](https://kalshi.com/markets/kxvei4/vei-4/kxvei4-26dec31)[[^]](https://next.io/prediction-markets/trending/how-many-major-volcano-eruptions-will-there-be-this-year/).

## What public satellite datasets, such as Sentinel-5P SO2 emissions or InSAR ground deformation maps, are available in near-real-time to track unrest at key volcanic systems through year-end 2026?

SO2 NRT Data Availability | Within three hours of satellite measurement [[^]](https://maps.s5p-pal.com/so2-7km-nrt/) |
Primary SO2 Satellite | Copernicus Sentinel-5P TROPOMI instrument [[^]](https://maps.s5p-pal.com/so2-7km-nrt/) |
Primary InSAR Satellite | Sentinel-1 data [[^]](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-026-01999-1)[[^]](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425726001471)[[^]](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020jb019840)[[^]](https://detektia.com/en/opera-disp/)[[^]](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d76f/3e15440f6978c99e6962c2470f310e282ea7.pdf) |

**Public datasets provide near-real-time atmospheric SO2 monitoring for volcanoes**

Public datasets provide near-real-time atmospheric SO2 monitoring for volcanoes. Near-real-time (NRT) sulphur dioxide (SO2) emission data from the Copernicus Sentinel-5P TROPOMI instrument are routinely available, often within three hours of satellite measurement [[^]](https://maps.s5p-pal.com/so2-7km-nrt/). These operational products can be accessed via platforms such as the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, Google Earth Engine, and the S5P-PAL mapping portal [[^]](https://maps.s5p-pal.com/so2-7km-nrt/)[[^]](https://www.tropomi.eu/data-products/sulfur-dioxide)[[^]](https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/success-stories/-/sentinel-5p-monitors-volcanic-emissions)[[^]](https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/COPERNICUS_S5P_NRTI_L3_SO2). Sentinel-5P enables global NRT monitoring of atmospheric SO2 columns, which are then integrated into the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) to track volcanic emissions and predict plume dispersion [[^]](https://www.ecmwf.int/en/newsletter/171/news/monitoring-atmospheric-impacts-hunga-tonga-eruption)[[^]](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=212454117)[[^]](https://www.ecmwf.int/en/newsletter/159/meteorology/use-sentinel-5p-air-quality-data-cams)[[^]](https://www.ecmwf.int/sites/default/files/elibrary/2019/19028-use-sentinel-5p-air-quality-data-cams.pdf)[[^]](https://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2022/hunga-tonga-eruption-seen-ecmwf).

InSAR technology offers robust, automated monitoring of ground deformation. Ground deformation maps, derived from Sentinel-1 InSAR data, are crucial for tracking volcanic unrest [[^]](https://maps.s5p-pal.com/so2-7km-nrt/)[[^]](https://events.ecmwf.int/event/488/contributions/5675/attachments/3671/6191/ECMWF-ESA-WS_Torrisi.pdf). Automated, cloud-based systems like OPERA DISP and MOUNTS increasingly utilize Sentinel-1 data to improve the availability of deformation maps for rapid response [[^]](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-026-01999-1)[[^]](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425726001471)[[^]](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020jb019840)[[^]](https://detektia.com/en/opera-disp/)[[^]](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d76f/3e15440f6978c99e6962c2470f310e282ea7.pdf). However, near-real-time operational InSAR data availability is constrained by satellite revisit cycles and requires advanced processing, frequently enhanced by AI, to differentiate geophysical signals from atmospheric noise [[^]](https://events.ecmwf.int/event/488/contributions/5675/attachments/3671/6191/ECMWF-ESA-WS_Torrisi.pdf)[[^]](https://events.ecmwf.int/event/488/contributions/5645/attachments/3652/6151/ECMWF-ESA-WS_Cariello.pdf)[[^]](https://events.ecmwf.int/event/304/contributions/3618/attachments/2101/3792/ECMWF-ESA-ML_Le_Moigne.pdf). Many InSAR systems still rely on specialized processing pipelines for data analysis [[^]](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d76f/3e15440f6978c99e6962c2470f310e282ea7.pdf).

Global initiatives standardize diverse satellite data for comprehensive hazard tracking. Initiatives like GVEWERS aim to standardize access to various satellite datasets, including optical, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), and thermal data, for volcano observatories worldwide [[^]](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-026-01999-1)[[^]](https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/volcanic-hazards-initiative)[[^]](https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/14/3483)[[^]](https://www.gfz.de/en/press/news/details/artificial-intelligence-fit-to-monitor-volcanoes). Additionally, Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs) operationally synthesize multi-satellite imagery, such as infrared and visible, for continuous monitoring and aviation hazard alerts [[^]](https://www.weather.gov/aviation/vaac)[[^]](https://www.weather.gov/hfo/Volcano). Monitoring volcanic hazards through year-end 2026 continues to focus on identifying precursory indicators like inflation, SO2 surges, and thermal anomalies [[^]](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-026-01999-1)[[^]](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027326000260).

## What are the primary geophysical precursors that would signal an imminent VEI 6+ eruption at a monitored supervolcano like Yellowstone or Campi Flegrei before the end of 2026?

Primary geophysical precursors | Frequent/intense earthquake swarms, significant ground deformation, increased sulfur dioxide (SO₂) flux, thermal anomalies, and geochemical changes in fumarolic gases or groundwater [[^]](https://smartacademicwriting.com/how-does-volcanic-eruption-start/)[[^]](https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-can-we-tell-when-a-volcano-will-erupt)[[^]](https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/24650/chapter/4)[[^]](https://www.ap.org/news-highlights/spotlights/2025/hawaiis-kilauea-volcano-is-on-the-verge-of-erupting-again/)[[^]](https://www.ap.org/news-highlights/spotlights/2025/in-iceland-a-town-still-shaken-by-volcanic-eruptions-tries-to-recover/)[[^]](https://www.ap.org/news-highlights/spotlights/2025/kilauea-displays-lava-fountains-for-the-37th-time-since-its-eruption-began-last-year/) |
Precursor reliability | Do not reliably indicate an imminent eruption or its scale [[^]](https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-can-we-tell-when-a-volcano-will-erupt)[[^]](https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/24650/chapter/4) |
Evidence of VEI 6+ eruption 2026 | No evidence at Yellowstone or Campi Flegrei as of August 12, 2026 [[^]](https://newsroom.ap.org/detail/ItalysMountEtnavolcanoeruptsforcingairportclosureinSicily/3b4f02eb086c4ea1a0d466cf10fb8347/video) |

**Key geophysical and geochemical changes signal potential supervolcano eruptions**

Key geophysical and geochemical changes signal potential supervolcano eruptions. Primary geophysical precursors that would signal an imminent VEI 6+ eruption at a monitored supervolcano include frequent and intense earthquake swarms, which indicate rock fracturing from magma ascent, and significant ground deformation, measured as inflation via GPS or tiltmeters [[^]](https://smartacademicwriting.com/how-does-volcanic-eruption-start/)[[^]](https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-can-we-tell-when-a-volcano-will-erupt)[[^]](https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/24650/chapter/4). Other key indicators involve increased sulfur dioxide (SO₂) flux, thermal anomalies (increases in heat flow), and geochemical changes in fumarolic gases or groundwater [[^]](https://smartacademicwriting.com/how-does-volcanic-eruption-start/)[[^]](https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-can-we-tell-when-a-volcano-will-erupt)[[^]](https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/24650/chapter/4).

Interpreting these precursors for eruption timing remains challenging. These identified precursors do not reliably indicate an imminent eruption or its potential scale [[^]](https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-can-we-tell-when-a-volcano-will-erupt)[[^]](https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/24650/chapter/4). Unrest signals, such as those observed at Campi Flegrei, can persist for decades without escalating into a surface eruption [[^]](https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-can-we-tell-when-a-volcano-will-erupt)[[^]](https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/24650/chapter/4). Monitoring systems for supervolcanoes like Yellowstone actively track seismic patterns and pressure changes to distinguish between normal hydrothermal activity and events driven by magma [[^]](https://ballotpedia.org/Seismicity)[[^]](https://ballotpedia.org/Geothermal_energy).

Current monitoring indicates no imminent VEI 6+ eruption at supervolcanoes. As of August 12, 2026, there is no evidence suggesting a VEI 6+ supervolcano eruption at locations such as Yellowstone or Campi Flegrei in 2026 [[^]](https://newsroom.ap.org/detail/ItalysMountEtnavolcanoeruptsforcingairportclosureinSicily/3b4f02eb086c4ea1a0d466cf10fb8347/video).

## What Could Change the Odds

**Volcanic activity presents a tangible catalyst.** Guatemala's Volcán de Fuego experienced a major paroxysmal eruption in August 2026, prompting national orange alerts and the evacuation of approximately 1,700 people [[^]](https://aljazeeranews-3fuh52rgrl.edgeone.app/news/2026/8/4/guatemala-issues-second-highest-danger-alert-after-fuego-volcano-erupts)[[^]](https://volcanodb.com/fuego-volcano)[[^]](https://alphanews.am/en/volcano-in-guatemala-spews-ash-column-about-7-km-high-maximum-alert-level-declared/). Mount Etna in Italy had a prolonged, multi-day eruptive phase in August 2026 that disrupted air traffic in Sicily [[^]](https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2026/08/13/etna-eruption-enters-seventh-day-in-phenomenon-unseen-since-the-1970s). Mount Sinabung in Indonesia entered a heightened volcanic alert on September 1, 2026, following an initial eruption [[^]](https://phys.org/news/2026-09-eruption-sinabung-volcano-indonesia-sumatra.html). The Klyuchevskoy volcano in the Kamchatka Peninsula remained active as of August 25, 2026, issuing volcanic ash advisories [[^]](https://www.weather.gov/aawu/VolcanicAshAdvisory).

**Broader natural disaster impacts are affecting financial markets.** Earthquakes in Colombia, along with severe weather, influence government bond yields, corporate credit risks, and regional economic stability in 2026 [[^]](https://www.swissre.com/institute/research/topics-and-risk-dialogues/climate-and-natural-catastrophe-risk/first-half-2026-insured-catastrophe-losses.html)[[^]](https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/weltar/v162y2026i1d10.1007_s10290-024-00554-4.html)[[^]](https://ts2.tech/en/colombia-earthquakes-9-6-billion-bill-turns-reconstruction-into-a-bond-test/)[[^]](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1042443124000672). Colombia faces an estimated **$9.6** bln reconstruction cost due to earthquakes, which puts bonds under pressure [[^]](https://ts2.tech/en/colombia-earthquakes-9-6-billion-bill-turns-reconstruction-into-a-bond-test/). Prediction markets like Polymarket provide active trading on 2026 natural disaster thresholds, including major volcanic eruptions (VEI >=6), hurricanes, and seismic events [[^]](https://polymarket.com/event/natural-disaster-in-2026)[[^]](https://polymarket.com/predictions/climate-weather)[[^]](https://polymarket.com/predictions/natural-disasters). Odds on these platforms reflect real-time assessments of environmental data [[^]](https://polymarket.com/event/natural-disaster-in-2026).

**While large volcanic eruptions are recognized as climate forcing agents, current operational climate models often struggle to account for the internal climate variability or specific global thermal responses caused by such events compared to historical benchmarks like the 1991 Pinatubo eruption [[^]](https://events.ecmwf.int/event/488/contributions/5634/attachments/3669/6201/ECMWF-ESA-WS_Amato.pdf)[[^]](https://forum.ecmwf.int/t/new-application-published-in-the-cds-climate-monitoring-and-volcanic-eruptions/841).** Official hazard outlooks for late August and early September 2026, provided by the CPC and NWS, focus on meteorological phenomena such as heat waves, drought, and tropical cyclone activity in the Pacific, rather than large-scale volcanic eruptions as primary disaster catalysts for this timeline [[^]](https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/threats/threats.php)[[^]](https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/ghaz/).

## Key Dates & Catalysts

- **Expiration:** June 29, 2027
- **Closes:** June 29, 2027

## Decision-Flipping Events

- Volcanic activity presents a tangible catalyst.
- Guatemala's Volcán de Fuego experienced a major paroxysmal eruption in August 2026, prompting national orange alerts and the evacuation of approximately 1,700 people [^] [^] [^] .
- Mount Etna in Italy had a prolonged, multi-day eruptive phase in August 2026 that disrupted air traffic in Sicily [^] .
- Mount Sinabung in Indonesia entered a heightened volcanic alert on September 1, 2026, following an initial eruption [^] .

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## Historical Resolutions

No historical resolution data available for this series.

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